Adjective clauses

Revision of adjective (relative) clauses

Adjective clauses give us information about things, people, possessions, places and times using a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whose).

1. Things (which, that)
    A stop which / that sells electronic goods.

* It is incorrect to use what here.

2. People (who, that)
    A spectator is a person who / that watches a public event.

* If a person or thing is the object of the a. c., you can omit which, who or what.

3. Possessions (whose)
    A widow is a women whose husband has died.

4. Places (where, which / that + preposition)
    This is the room where Leo sleeps.
    This is the room which / that Leo sleeps in.
    This is the room in which Leo sleeps.

5. Times (when)
    A public holiday is a day when all the shops close.

Adjective clauses with and without commas

Defining adjective clauses (without commas)

Sometimes the adjective clause is necessary to tell us which thing / person we are talking about. In this case, there are no commas.
- That's the man who offered me a lift home.
- I've just finished the book you gave me for Christmas.
In both cases, we need the adjective clause to know which man / book we are talking about.

Non-defining adjective clauses (with commas)

Sometimes the adjective clause gives us extra information. It is not necessary to tell us which thing / person we are talking about. In this case, there are commas before and after the clause.
- Christmas Day, which is on a Thursday this year, is always a public holiday.
- He gave me a photograph, which I keep in my wallet.
Some rules:
* You cannot use that.
   - Christmas Day, that which is on a Thursday this year, is always a public holiday.
* You cannot leave out the relative pronoun.
   - He gave me a photograph, which I keep in my wallet.
* Prepositions can go either at the beginning or at the end of the clause.
   - His greatest hobby was motor racing, on which he spent a great deal of money.
     (more formal)
   - His greatest hobby was motor racing, which he spent a great deal of money on.
     (less formal)
* Words which refer to the subject like here and it are omitted
   - This is the city. The President was born here.
     > This is the city where the President was born here.
   - He's a man. Everyone admires him.
     > He's a man (who) everyone admires him.

Direct and indirect speech

Direct speech

Definition: Direct speech is a sentence that reports speech on thought in its original form, as phrased by the first speaker.

Indirect speech

Definition: Indirect speech is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is donde in direct speech


In this presentation, you will be able to see the rules and the differences between them, as well.



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Transitive and intransitive verbs

Transitive verbs

Definition: A transitive verb is a type of verb that requires both a subject and one or more objects.


Rules:

1. It is an action verb, expressing a doable activity like kick, write, eat, etc.
2. It must have a direct object, something or someone who receives the action of the verb.

Pronoun + action verb + direct object

Examples:

1. William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1597.
2. Leonardo da Vinci painted Mona Lisa in 1507.
3. Vargas eats hamburguers everyday.
4. Chuck Norris kicked his greatest enemy.
5. Pancha washes dishes before Pancho dries them.

Intransitive verbs


Definition: A transitive verb is a type of verb that has no direct objects.


Rules:

1. It is an action verb, expressing a doable activity like arrive, go, lie.
2. It will not have a direct object receiving the action.

Pronoun + action verb + preposition + noun

Examples:

1. We arrived at the classroom door with only eight seconds to spare.
2. He went to Spain in 2009.
3. The slope lies in the x-axis.
4. Vargas sneezed with violence.
5. Camacho never eats before leaving for school.

Review of tenses

Simple Present Tense: Expresses a habit of often repeated action. For example: I play everyday.

The Present Progressive: Describe an action that is occurring right now. For example: I am playing.

The Simple Past: Describe an event that occurred in the past. For example: I played.

The Past Progressive: Used to talked that was is progress at a time in the past. For example: I was playing.

The Present Perfect: An event that started in the past and continuous. For example: I have played.

The Present Perfect Progressive: Describes the duration of an action that began in the past and continuous in the present. For example: I have been playing.

The Past Perfect: Describes completed events that took part before other. For example: I had played.

The Past Perfect Progressive: Shows that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. For example: I had been playing.

Future Tense: Describes future actions. For example: I will play, I am going to play.

Future Progressive: Describes an event or action that will occur over a time at a specific time. For example: I will be playing.

Future Perfect: Expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future. For example: I will have played.

Future Perfect Progressive: Describes an action that has been in progress for a duration of time before another event or time in the future. For example: I will have been playing.

The eight parts of speech

Noun: Names a person, place, thing or idea. There are four types of nouns:

- Common: table, place, chair, notebook, etc.
- Proper: Richiwi, Peru, Alex, Mexico, etc.
- Abstract: love, hate, charity, intelligence, etc.
- Concrete: hand, paper, bag, chocolate, etc.

Pronoun: A word used instead of a noun to indicate someone or something already mentioned or known. There types of pronouns:

- Personal pronouns: Small words that takes the place of a noun.

	Singular	Plural
First Person	I, me, mine	we, us, our, ours
Second Person	you, your, yours	you, your, yours
Third Person	he, him, she, her, hers, it, its	they, them, their, theirs

- Reflexive pronouns: Refers to the subject and directs the action of the verb back to the subject.

First Person	myself, ourselves
Second Person	yourself, yourselves
Third Person	himself, herself, itself, themselves

- Demostrative pronouns: Points out a person, place, thing or idea.- Indefinite pronouns: Doesn't refer to specific noun. This, that, these, those.

  For example: My shoes are those.

- Indefinite pronouns: Doesn't refer to a specific noun. All, both, nobody, either, anyone, everything, some, few, none.

Adjective: Word that modifies a noun or pronoun.

For example:

1. Blue.	2. Red.	3. Good.	4. Bad.	5. Mysterious.
6. Hard.	7. Easy.	8. Excellent.	9. Different.	10. Educated.

Verb: Shows action in a sentence. The types of verb are:

- Linking verb: Links a noun or pronoun, with an adjective or another noun. For example: is, are, seem, become.

- Transitive verb: Action verb followed by a word or words that responds: what? or whom? For example: push, eat, give, play.

- Intransitive verb: Action verb which isn't followed by a word that responds the question: what? or whom? For example: arrive, go, lie, sit, die.

Adverb: A word that tells us more about a verb by making its meaning more specific. It modifies a verb, and adjective or an adverb also.

Where? When? How?

How often? or How long?

To what extent? or How much?

- Modifying a verb:           Finally the storm is ending.
                                        The storm finally is ending.

- Modifying an adjective:  The snow was quite heavy.
                                        Driving was very hazardous.

- Modifying an adverb:     It almost never snows this heavily.
                                        I hardly ever need to wear my boots.

Prepositions: Links nouns, pronouns, phrases to other words in a sentence. They tell where,when, and how something happens. Begin phrases that end with an object: noun or pronoun. That is called the object. For example: of, up, to, about, above, etc.

Conjunction: Word that joins words of groups or words.

- Coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet.

- Correlative conjunctions: both... and, not only... but also, either... or, neither... nor.

Interjections: A word that expresses strong emotion. For example: hi, excuse me!, hooray!, etc.

In this presentation, you will be able to see the eight parts of speech as well.

To download this, go here.